Membrane bioreactors incorporating hollow fiber membranes have become prominent as a effective technology for diverse biotechnological applications. These systems offer distinct benefits such as {high{surface area-to-volume ratios, efficient mass transfer, and enhanced cell retention. This article d

Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) are gaining popularity in wastewater treatment due to their potential to produce high-quality effluent. A key factor influencing MBR performance is the selection and optimization of the membrane module. The configuration of the module, including the type of membrane mat