Membrane bioreactors incorporating hollow fiber membranes have become prominent as a effective technology for diverse biotechnological applications. These systems offer distinct benefits such as {high{surface area-to-volume ratios, efficient mass transfer, and enhanced cell retention. This article delivers a thorough examination of hollow fiber mem

Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) are gaining popularity in wastewater treatment due to their potential to produce high-quality effluent. A key factor influencing MBR performance is the selection and optimization of the membrane module. The configuration of the module, including the type of membrane material, pore size, and surface area, directly impac